Donkey Secondary Antibodies
Biotium ER-beta-1 (Estrogen Receptor beta-1)(ESR2/3207), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including ER-alpha and ER-beta, contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. They are located in the nucleus, though some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. ER-alpha and ER-beta are differentially activated by various ligands. Receptor-ligand interactions trigger a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes. Evidence suggests that ER-alpha and ER-beta may be regulated by distinct mechanisms even though they share many functional characteristics. Primary antibodies are available purified, o
Biotium Rb1 (Tumor Suppressor Protein) (RB1/1754), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a 105 kDa phosphoprotein, identified as retinoblastoma (Rb) gene product. It shows no cross reaction with p107 or p130. It reacts with the hyper-phosphorylated as well as the un (under) phosphorylated form of the Rb protein. Retinoblastoma gene product plays a key role in cell cycle control. It has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene whose loss of its function leads to tumor development. It is widely expressed in a variety of human tissues including breast, esophageal, squamous cell and cervical carcinoma.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium CDX2 (GI Epithelial Marker) (CDX2/2951R), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
The intestine-specific transcription factors CDX1 and CDX2 are important for directing intestinal development, differentiation, proliferation and maintenance of the intestinal phenotype. CDX2 protein expression has been seen in GI carcinomas. Anti-CDX2 has been useful to establish GI origin of metastatic adenocarcinomas and carcinoids and is especially useful to distinguish metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma from lung adenocarcinoma. However, mucinous carcinomas of the ovary also express CDX2 protein. It limits the usefulness of this marker in the distinction of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma from mucinous carcinoma of the ovary.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher
Biotium PAI-RBP1 / SERBP1 / SERPINE1(SERBP1/3496), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
PAI-RBP1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein), also known as SERBP1 (SERPINE1 mRNA-binding protein 1), CGI-55, CHD3IP (chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3 interacting protein), HABP4L or PAI-RBP1, is a membrane-associated protein that localizes to the nucleus, the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. PAI-RBP1 is believed to play a role in the regulation of mRNA stability, as it specifically binds to the CRS (cyclic nucleotide-responsive sequence) motif of the PAI-1 mRNA and acts to stabilize the mRNA and regulate its expression. In addition, PAI-RBP1 interacts with Mi2- and may be involved in chromatin remodeling. PAI-RBP1 also interacts with PGRMC1 and participates in the transduction of Progesterone s antiapoptotic action in ovarian cell types. The gene encoding PAI-RBP1 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer, suggesting a possible role for PAI-RBP1 in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. Primary antibodies are available purifie
Biotium Crystallin Alpha B(CPTC-CRYAB-1), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Crystallins are the major proteins of the vertebrate eye lens, where they maintain the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Crystallins are divided into B-crystallin is associated with many neurological diseases, and a missense mutation in this gene has co-segregated in a family with a Desmin-related myopathy. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium Calcineurin B homologous protein 2 / HCC Antigen 520(CPTC-CHP2-1), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Calcineurin B homologous protein 2, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 520, is a 196 amino acid protein that contains 4 EF-hand domains and plays a potential role in transmembrane Na/H exchange. By binding to and activating NHE-1, CHP2 increases the pH and works to protect cells from serum deprivation-induced death. Though not typically detected in normal tissues, CHP2 is highly expressed in malignantly transformed cells and is therefore considered to be a tumor-associated antigen. Ectopic expression of CHP2 promotes proliferation of HEK293 cells and knockdown of CHP2 mRNA in HepG2 cells inhibits cell proliferation. Like calcineurin B, CHP2 can bind to and stimulate phosphatase activity of calcineurin A and activate the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes
Biotium Geminin / DNA Replication Inhibitor(CPTC-GMMN-1), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Geminin is a nuclear protein that regulates the initiation of DNA replication during the cell cycle. DNA replication requires the coordinated association of Cdc6 and minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins with chromatin. Geminin blocks this assembly of the MCM into the prereplication complex and, in turn, prevents replication from occurring. Expression of Geminin fluctuates throughout the cell cycle with Geminin levels lowest at G1. Throughout S, G2 and M phases, Geminin levels are consistently elevated followed by a decrease during mitosis. The initiation of DNA replication is dependent on the degradation of Geminin during mitosis and the absence of Geminin throughout G1 phase. Geminin degradation is mediated by the anaphasepromoting complex (APC), which specifically targets B-type cyclins and other proteins containing a destruction box motif for degradation by ubiquitinmediated proteolysis. While geminin expression is essential in maintaining chromosomal integrity, it is freq
Biotium Cytochrome C (Mitochondrial Marker)(CYCS/3128R), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes an epitope within amino acids 93-104 of pigeon Cytochrome C, a well-characterized mobile electron transport protein that is essential to energy conversion in all aerobic organisms. In mammalian cells, this highly conserved protein is normally localized to the mitochondrial inter-membrane space. More recent studies have identified cytosolic cytochrome c as a factor necessary for activation of apoptosis. During apoptosis, cytochrome c is trans-located from the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol, where it is required for activation of caspase-3 (CPP32). Overexpression of Bcl-2 has been shown to prevent the translocation of cytochrome c, thereby blocking the apoptotic process. Overexpression of Bax has been shown to induce the release of cytochrome c and to induce cell death. The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria is thought to trigger an apoptotic cascade, whereby Apaf-1 binds to Apaf-3 (caspase-9) in a cytochrome c-dependent manner, leading to caspase-9
Biotium CD81 / TAPA-1 (C81/2885R), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a protein of 26 kDa, identified as CD81 (Workshop VI; Code CD81.1). CD81 has a very broad cellular distribution, being expressed on T- and B-lymphocytes, NK cells, thymocytes, eosinophils, fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells. Neutrophils, erythrocytes and platelets are negative, while monocytes are variably positive. CD81 is a member of a family of tetraspanin transmembrane proteins, including CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, and CD82. It associates with CD19, CD21, Leu 13, and integrins on cell membrane and is involved in signal transduction in B lymphocyte development and cell adhesion. CD81 also acts as a receptor for the envelope protein E2 of chronic hepatitis C virus. Antibodies to CD81 have anti-proliferative effects on different lymphoid cell lines, particularly those derived from large cell lymphomas.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness an
Biotium CD44v9 (Marker of Tumor Metastasis) (CD44v9/1459), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes an epitope encoded by exon v9 on the variant portion of human CD44. The CD44 molecule belongs to a family of cellular adhesion molecules found on a wide range of normal and malignant cells in epithelial, mesothelial and hemopoiesis tissues. CD44 is a single gene with 20 exons, of which 10 are normally expressed to encode the basic CD44 (H-CAM) molecule. The additional 10 exons (v1 to v10) are only expressed by alternative splicing of the nuclear RNA. The expression of specific cell adhesion molecule CD44 splice variants has been reported to be associated with metastasis in certain human malignancies.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-spec
Biotium Cytochrome C (Mitochondrial Marker)(7H8.2C12 + CYCS/1010), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Cytochrome C is a well-characterized mobile electron transport protein that is essential to energy conversion in all aerobic organisms. In mammalian cells, this highly conserved protein is normally localized to the mitochondrial inter-membrane space. More recent studies have identified cytosolic cytochrome c as a factor necessary for activation of apoptosis. During apoptosis, cytochrome c is trans-located from the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol, where it is required for activation of caspase-3 (CPP32). Overexpression of Bcl-2 has been shown to prevent the translocation of cytochrome c, thereby blocking the apoptotic process. Overexpression of Bax has been shown to induce the release of cytochrome c and to induce cell death. The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria is thought to trigger an apoptotic cascade, whereby Apaf-1 binds to Apaf-3 (caspase-9) in a cytochrome c-dependent manner, leading to caspase-9 cleavage of caspase-3. This MAb recognizes total cytoch
Biotium Vinculin (Marker of Age-related Macular Degeneration)(VCL/2573), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Focal adhesions are identified as areas within the plasma membrane of tissue culture cells that adhere tightly to the underlying substrate. In vivo, these regions are involved in the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. Paxillin and vinculin are cytoskeletal, focal adhesion proteins that are components of a protein complex which links the Actin network to the plasma membrane. Vinculin binding sites have been identified on other cytoskeletal proteins, including talin and alpha-actinin each contain actin binding sites. Reportedly, vinculin is a potential plasma biomarker for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). The early detection of AMD using novel plasma biomarkers with genetic modeling may enable timely treatment and vision preservation in the elderly. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF
Biotium AKT1 (Prognostic Marker for Neuroendocrine Tumors)(AKT1/2491), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
AKT1 is a 62 kDa protein and member of the serine/threonine kinase AKT family. AKT1 is also known as Protein Kinase B (PKB) or Rac Protein Kinase Alpha. The Akt family also includes AKT2. Activation of AKT1 by insulin or insulin-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) results in phosphorylation of both Thr 308 and Ser 473. AKT proteins become phosphorylated and activated in insulin/IGF-1-stimulated cells by an upstream kinase(s), and the activation of AKT1 and AKT2 is inhibited by the PI kinase inhibitor wortmannin. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium Desmin (Muscle Cell Marker) (DES/1711), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IFs) constitute a diverse group of proteins that are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner. IFs are constructed from two-chain alpha-helicalcoiled-coil molecules arranged on an imperfect helical lattice, and have been widely used as markers for distinguishing individual cell types within a tissue and identifying the origins of metastatic tumors. Vimentin is an IF general marker of cells originating in the mesenchyme. Vimentin and Desmin, a related class III IF, are both expressed during skeletal muscle development. Desmin, a 469 amino acid protein found near the Z line in sarcomeres, is expressed more frequently in adult differentiated state tissues. Anti-desmin detects cells of normal smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. The antibody reacts with leiomyomas, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyomas, rhabdomyosarcoma, and perivascular cells of glomus tumors of the skin.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluor
Biotium Glutathione S-Transferase Mu2 (GSTM2)(CPTC-GSTMu2-2), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes Glutathione S-Transferase of the mu class, which is involved in the detoxification of toxins, drugs, and products of oxidative stress by conjugation with glutathione. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.